Mecanismos de desactivación de catalizadores heterogéneos
Resumen
La desactivación catalítica es un problema serio en las diferentes secciones del proceso de refinación del petróleo, que causa la pérdida de actividad catalítica con respecto al tiempo de operación. La presente revisión está enfocada en los mecanismos de desactivación de catalizadores, tales como envenenamiento, ensuciamiento, degradación térmica y sinterización, degradación química y fallas mecánicas como el desgaste y el aplastado del catalizador, en el craqueo catalítico fluidizado (FCC), la hidrodesulfuración (HDS) y el reformado catalítico. Las causas de estos mecanismos de desactivación catalítica son químicos, térmicos y mecánicos. Se revisan las características y consideraciones clave para cada uno de estos tipos de mecanismos de desactivación. Además, el costo total por la desactivación catalítica aumenta gradualmente cada año debido al remplazo del catalizador gastado, generando miles de toneladas de desechos industriales.
Citas
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