Uso de nanomateriales en la agricultura y sus implicaciones ecológicas y ambientales
Resumen
Los recientes desarrollos en el campo de la nanotecnología han traído nuevas oportunidades para la innovación y el avance en un número sustancial de disciplinas, entre las que destaca la agricultura. Los porcentajes actuales de inanición en todo el mundo, junto con el crecimiento constante de la población, combinados con los problemas ambientales causados por la erosión y el uso de productos químicos, han puesto en primer plano la necesidad de mejoras sostenibles en la práctica agrícola, que podrían atenderse empleando nanomateriales (NMs). Los NMs se presentan como un sustituto atractivo de los materiales convencionales, debido a sus atributos y la mejora que estos representan. Los pesticidas y fertilizantes son dos de los muchos productos que han demostrado tener un gran potencial cuando se producen a nivel nanométrico, mostrando gran eficiencia en la liberación dirigida y controlada de agroquímicos, lo que se traduce en una mayor efectividad biológica, al lograr, en general, un aumento en el rendimiento y la productividad de los cultivos. No obstante, aun existen aspectos desconocidos relacionados con los efectos de la nanotecnología, por ejemplo, existe un conocimiento limitado sobre la bioseguridad, los efectos adversos, el destino y la reactividad biológica de los nanomateriales una vez que se introducen en el medio ambiente. El daño que pueden causar, no solo a los agroecosistemas, sino también a la salud humana y al medio ambiente, aún no se comprende completamente, a pesar de los numerosos esfuerzos científicos que se han realizado para evaluar el peligro intrínseco que pueden causar los NMs. Esta revisión busca servir como marco referencial al estado de la nanotecnología en la agricultura: desarrollos, aplicaciones y riesgos conocidos. Se revisan las características de los NMs aplicados en agricultura, junto con los resultados obtenidos de las pruebas de comportamiento y destino con respecto a las especies vegetales. Finalmente, se analizan las interacciones reportadas entre los componentes bióticos y abióticos de los ecosistemas expuestos, presentando un estudio sobre el estado y la dirección de la nanoagricultura.
Citas
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