Usos de las nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) en odontología
Resumen
Las AgNPs se están utilizando ampliamente debido a sus excelentes propiedades antimicrobianas que les permiten ser incorporadas en diversas áreas de la odontología, como materiales dentales, ortodoncia, endodoncia, periodoncia y prostodoncia, entre otras. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar el uso de las AgNPs en las diferentes áreas de la odontología y las innovaciones tecnológicas asociadas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos EBSCOhost y PubMed, con las palabras clave: “AgNPs” o “silver nanoparticles”, “dentistry” o “dentist” o “dental”, “materials” en un periodo que va del 2012 al 2023, en idioma inglés. Se encontraron un total de 261 artículos, se eliminaron los artículos repetidos, artículos de revisión, o artículos que no pertenecían al área dental. Se incluyeron en la revisión 116 artículos que cumplían los criterios establecidos; se puede observar que la mayoría de las investigaciones son estudios in vitro y una pequeña parte son investigaciones clínicas o realizadas en animales, la mayoría de las investigaciones muestran resultados positivos e innovadores para el uso de las AgNPs. Los estudios muestran una óptima actividad antibacteriana de las AgNPs cuando estas se combinan con materiales dentales como enjuagues, soluciones irrigantes, cementos, resinas, adhesivos, recubrimientos de metales, soluciones antisépticas, apósitos quirúrgicos, por mencionar algunos. La literatura revisada muestra un prometedor futuro para las AgNPs, pues no solo tienen actividad antibacteriana frente a las principales bacterias orales aerobias y anaerobias Gram positivas y Gram negativas, sino también un efecto antifúngico y propiedades antinflamatorias, sin comprometer las propiedades de la mayoría de los materiales a los cuales son incorporadas. Sin embargo, su uso sigue siendo controvertido debido a que estos nanomateriales pertenecen a una nueva clase de material; el progreso en esta nueva disciplina (la nanotoxicología) depende de encontrar metodologías que permitan evaluar la toxicidad en estados químicos, estudios in vitro y clínicos.
Citas
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