El papel de las plantas y sus hongos micorrízicos ante la contaminación por nanomateriales en suelo
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La creciente producción y liberación de nanomateriales al ambiente ha despertado preocupación por su toxicidad potencial en sistemas terrestres, especialmente en agroecosistemas. Las plantas son la base del equilibrio ecológico y de las cadenas tróficas, y normalmente están adaptadas para desarrollarse en condiciones de estrés abiótico. No obstante, los nanomateriales de origen antropogénico pueden generar una carga adicional de tensión y alterar su fisiología, inducir respuestas oxidativas, interferir con la homeostasis iónica, dañar macromoléculas e inhibir el crecimiento vegetal. Las asociaciones micorrízicas han demostrado desempeñar un papel protector mediante mecanismos como la inmovilización de nanomateriales en las hifas, la modulación del tránsito iónico, la inducción de antioxidantes enzimáticos y no enzimáticos, así como la estimulación en la generación de osmoprotectores. Estas asociaciones contribuyen a reducir la toxicidad e incrementar la resiliencia vegetal. Sin embargo, la eficacia de estas simbiosis está condicionada por múltiples factores, como la concentración y el tipo de nanomateriales, la especie vegetal y fúngica involucradas, así como las condiciones edáficas. Este trabajo ofrece una revisión de avances en el conocimiento de la interacción entre plantas, hongos micorrízicos y nanocontaminantes del suelo, destacando los mecanismos biológicos implicados en la mitigación del daño y las perspectivas para su aprovechamiento.
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Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://www.mundonano.unam.mx.
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