Liposomes in nanomedicine: from concept to current clinical applications and research trends

Abstract

Liposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable artificial vesicles with a two-compartment structure that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. Liposomes have been extensively studied over the last twenty years, leading to the development of several promising technologies including Stealth® and DepoFoam® liposomes. Also targeted, physicochemical stimuli-responsive, and liposomal-based combined therapies have evolved. Liposomes are the first nanomedicines to reach the clinical use. Currently, up to 20 different liposomal technologies are commercially available, and approximately 18 liposomal formulations are in clinical trials. While most commercial liposomes are used to treat cancer, there are some liposomal developments that have shown promising results for treating other diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the basic concepts of liposomes, breakthroughs in liposomal-based nanoformulations in clinical trials and currently marketed liposomal technologies. Furthermore, using data science tools, we present a comprehensive analysis of current research in liposomes. Undoubtedly, liposomes will continue to be at the forefront of nanotechnologies applied for the benefit of human health.