Influencia del grado de desacetilación del quitosano en la síntesis de nanopartículas para aplicaciones farmacéuticas
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El quitosano es un biopolímero versátil con aplicaciones en nanotecnología, de amplio interés en la síntesis de nanopartículas para administración de fármacos. Su grado de desacetilación (DD, por sus siglas en inglés) es un parámetro clave que influye en las propiedades de las nanopartículas tales como carga superficial, tamaño, y estabilidad coloidal. Sin embargo, su impacto en la funcionalidad de las nanopartículas aún requiere de un análisis detallado. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la relación entre el DD del quitosano y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas en la síntesis de nanopartículas, así como sus implicaciones en aplicaciones farmacéuticas. Para ello se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar y ScienceDirect, utilizando las palabras clave chitosan, deacetylation y nanoparticles, tanto en inglés como en español. Estas palabras clave se identificaron en los títulos y resúmenes de artículos de investigación. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre el año 2000 y el 2025, abordando la síntesis, modificación o caracterización de nanopartículas de quitosano. Se excluyeron estudios sin reportar explícitamente el DD y su relación con propiedades funcionales o aplicaciones biomédicas, así como publicaciones duplicadas. Los resultados evidencian que un DD medio (70-85%) promueve una adecuada interacción con membranas celulares, común en aplicaciones farmacéuticas. Un DD bajo (< 70%) implica una menor interacción con membranas biológicas, por lo que tienen limitada utilidad en sistemas de liberación. Aunque un DD alto (86-95%) podría promover mayor adhesión a superficies celulares y mayor eficiencia de encapsulación, también pueden promover alta reactividad y posible citotoxicidad por su densidad de grupos amino libres. No obstante, un DD muy alto (> 95%) podría causar toxicidad, además de reducir la viscosidad, afectando la estabilidad de las formulaciones. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de ajustar el DD según la aplicación específica, optimizando la funcionalidad de las nanopartículas de quitosano. En conclusión, el control preciso del DD es esencial para maximizar el potencial del quitosano para la preparación de nanopartículas destinadas a la administración de fármacos. Además, futuros estudios deben enfocarse en la estandarización de métodos de producción de quitosano con grados de desacetilación específicos, y en su aplicación en nuevas terapias nanotecnológicas.
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Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://www.mundonano.unam.mx.
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